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12īacterial spores are formed in sporulation by many Gram-positive Bacilli and Clostridia, and are metabolically dormant. Consequently, knowledge about individual spore’s responses to space conditions will help identify specific effects of space conditions on spores and address the question of possible transport of life through space as spores. It is also unclear whether individual spores exposed to space vacuum during a simulated space journey can return to the life when proper conditions are provided, and how rapidly the vacuum-exposed spores can do this.
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2 However, whether individual spores undergo severe molecular and morphological changes under space vacuum and how individual spores respond to space vacuum are not clear. 10, 11 Dormant spores of bacteria are recognized as the hardiest known form of life on Earth and considerable effort has been invested in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the extreme resistance of spores to harsh treatments. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 One of the interests in astrobiology is whether living organisms can be transported between the planets of the Solar System by mechanisms such as on meteorites, and, if so, the surviving organisms must be highly resistant to the severe strain of a long journey through space. That is why bacterial spores with their dormancy and extremely high resistance to harsh conditions are frequently used in astrobiology. 3 Thus the high vacuum conditions of outer space present a major challenge for any form of life, and only microorganisms in a dormant and resistant state might survive in outer space. 1, 2 Among these characteristics, water desorption due to high vacuum (10 −14–10 −4 Pa) is particularly notable, since water is one of the principal ingredients of cellular life and some water activity is indispensable for organismal growth. 1, 2 Outer space is an extremely challenging environment for all forms of terrestrial life, and is characterized by high vacuum, an intense radiation field of galactic and solar origin, extreme temperatures, and microgravity. Overall, these results give new insight into individual spore’s responses to space vacuum and provide new techniques for microorganism analysis at the single-cell level.Ĭan any terrestrial life survive in outer space? This question has long been of great interest in astrobiology because of the mystery of the origin of Earth’s life and the dispersion of life in Universe. Among spores’ resistance mechanisms to high vacuum, DNA-protective α/β−type small acid-soluble proteins, and non-homologous end joining and base excision repair of DNA played the most important roles, especially against multiple cycles of vacuum treatment. In addition, viable vacuum-treated spores exhibited much greater sensitivity than untreated spores to dry heat and hyperosmotic stress. The vacuum treatment slowed spore germination, and changed average times of all major germination events. Some of the killed spores did not germinate, and the remaining germinated but did not proceed to vegetative growth. The results showed that after exposure to simulated space vacuum for 10 days, viability of spores of two Bacillus species was reduced up to 35%, but all spores retained their large Ca 2+-dipicolinic acid depot. Then, live-cell microscopy was developed to investigate the temporal events during germination, outgrowth, and growth of individual Bacillus spores. Here, we examined spores’ molecular changes under simulated space vacuum (~10 −5 Pa) using micro-Raman spectroscopy and found that this vacuum did not cause significant denaturation of spore protein. However, the responses and mechanisms of resistance of individual spores to space vacuum are unclear. Previous work showed that outer space vacuum alone can kill bacterial spores.
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Outer space is a challenging environment for all forms of life, and dormant spores of bacteria have been frequently used to study the survival of terrestrial life in a space journey.